1. You should understand why defining intelligence is troublesome, and what impact this has on our attempts to measure it. Also, know the difference between operational and theoretical definitions of intelligence.
   
   
2. Classic models of intelligence
   
   1. Spearman - know what he meant by the g-factor and s-factors.
   2. Thurstone - know about his idea of 7 primary mental abilities, and how it differs from Spearman's theory. You do not have to memorize the 7 PMAs.
   3. Guilford's structure of intellect (3-dimensional) model
   4. Vernon - skills & abilities arranged in a hierarchy
      
      
3. Contemporary models of intelligence – just the general idea, no specific abilities
   1. Gardner – multiple intelligences
   2. Sternberg - intelligence is multifaceted; focus on how one uses one's abilities.
      3 facets of the model: analytic, practical, & creative.
   3. Mayer & Salovey - emotional intelligence
      
4. Intelligence across cultures – get just a general idea about this.
   
   
5. Psychological tests of intelligence
   
   1. Know the basic requirements of a test: to be objective and standardized; reliability & validity;test norms.
   2. Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale; the concept of IQ. Know generally what this test is. Also, know what IQ means, and the difference between ratio IQ and deviation IQ.
   3. The Wechsler Scales of intelligence: WAIS-III; WISC-IV; WPPSI-III. Know generally what these are. You do not have to know the specific subtests, but you should know about the Verbal and Performance scales.
   4. Group tests of intelligence - know just the major advantages and disadvantages. Also, know the difference between intelligence tests and aptitude tests.
      
      
6. Group differences in intelligence - know the general issues here, especially the nature-nurture (genetics vs. environment) debate, and what differences, if any, have been found in the following:
   
   1. gender differences (verbal vs. spatial)
   2. age differences (what abilities decline with age, and which ones don't)
   3. racial & ethnic differences
      
      
7. Extremes of intelligence - make sure you read this section, especially to clear up misconceptions many people have of both the mentally gifted and mentally retarded. However, there will not be any specific questions on this section.
   
   

Chapter 9

This topic is based on the theories that various people have developed about the nature of personality, rather than on research. Because some of these people have been heavily influential, it will be necessary that you remember the person's name along with their ideas. In some cases, however, you will have to remember only the broader model or perspective, and not individual people.

Also, for each personality theory, note the evaluations/ pros and cons.

1. Note the definitions of a theory, and of personality.

2. The psychoanalytic approach - this is mainly associated with Freud, and you should be aware of his ideas individually. These are the main things you should know:

1. levels of consciousness: conscious; preconscious; unconscious
2. structure of personality: id, ego, superego (and the principles by which they operate)
3. life & death instinct
4. defense mechanisms - you should know the ones covered in the book and in class: repression, sublimation, denial, rationalization, fantasy, projection, regression, displacement, etc
5. Freud's psychosexual stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital). Know also about the Oedipus/ Electra Complex, and how it affects males and females differently.

3. Psychoanalytic approach after Freud - you should know the main ways in which these theories differ from Freud's, but you don't have to know the individual theorists and their specific ideas.

4. The behavioral-learning approach - you should know this approach in general, and also something about Skinner & Bandura (mostly review from the last exam).

5. The cognitive approach – just the general idea.

6. The humanistic-phenomenological approach - know the general philosophy this represents. Also:

1. Carl Rogers - he was another heavily influential psychologist, and his ideas should be recognized individually (fully functioning person; unconditional positive regard)
2. Abraham Maslow - just the basics about self-actualization

7. The trait approach - know generally what this is, and also the following:

1. Gordon Allport
   1. common traits vs. personal traits
   2. central vs. secondary traits
   3. cardinal traits
2. Cattell – surface vs. source traits
3. "The big 5" – just a general idea – no specifics on the 5 dimensions

    

   Personality measurement or assessment - you should know something about the following methods used. Also note that the issues of standardization, reliability, validity, and norms apply to personality assessment as well as intelligence testing.
   

   a. behavioral observations

   b. interviews; some advantages and disadvantages of them

   c. paper-and-pencil tests: e.g. MMPI

   d. projective techniques: e.g. Incomplete Sentences, Rorschach, TAT
   
   

1. Know the 4 components of an emotional reaction (affect, cognition, physiological, behavior).
   
2. Classifying emotions - just the general idea or issues; no specifics necessary.
   
3. Physiological aspects of emotion
   
   1. role of the Autonomic Nervous System - general action of the Sympathetic & Parasympathetic parts
   2. role of the brain - the main parts involved: limbic system (especially the amygdala) & hypothalamus, also the cerebral cortex
      
4. You do not need to know the theories of emotion (p. 376-380)
5. Outward expressions of emotion - just the general idea
   
6. You do not have to know the rest of this topic.