phenomenon- an observable fact or event, known through the senses rather than by thought or by
being told about it
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Phenomenology-
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Common Themes of Phenomenological Theorists
1. not concerned with personality structure
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2. concerned with cognition-
mental processes that are concerned with how we bring in information about the world, how
we organize it conceptually, how we store it, and how we use it later
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Existential Psychology
Existential Psychology- an "empirical science" of human existence that employs the method of
phenomenological analysis
existentialism-
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[American psychologists greatly influenced by existentialism: Rollo May, Allport, Fromm, Lewin, Maslow, and Rogers]
Ludwig Binswanger and Medard Boss- Swiss psychiatrists credited with important early
contributions to existential psychology
Comparison of Existential Psychology with Other Viewpoints
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Important Concepts in Existential Psychology
1. Dasein- a German word with no exact translation
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"Being-in-the-world"
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3. ground of existence
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4. dynamics of existence
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Why does suffering exist if people have free choice and could choose more positive cources of action for themselves?
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Evaluation of Existential Psychology
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Humanistic Psychology
humanistic psychology- an off-shoot of existential psychology
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Four Principles of the Association of Humanistic Psychology
1. the experiencing person is of primary interest
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2. human choice, creativity, and self-actualization are the preferred topics of research
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3. meaningfulness must take precedence over objectivity in research
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4. the ultimate concern of psychology should be the dignity of the person
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Person-Centered Psychology- Carl Rogers
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Personality Structure
1. the organism
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phenomenal field
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2. the self
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3. the relationship between the organism and the self
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Dynamics "The organism has one basic tendency and striving--to actualize, maintain, and enhance
the experiencing organism" (Rogers, 1951)
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self-actualization
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prerequisites for self-actualizing tendencies
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two types of needs
1. positive regard
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2. self-regard
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Problems in Personality Development
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The Process of Defense
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Restoring harmony between the self and organismic experience
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Client-Centered Therapy
client-centered
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Evaluation of the Theory
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Methods for Evaluating Self-Perceptions
Q-Sort
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Interviews
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Semantic Differential
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strong --- : --- : --- : --- : --- weak
unpleasant --- : --- : --- : --- : --- pleasant
soft --- : --- : --- : --- : --- hard