1. Transference can be considered important in psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy because it

a. strengthens one's defense mechanisms

b. it increases the clinician's tendency to engage in illusory correlation

c. it protects the client from unresolved psychosexual conflicts

d. provides evidence about the nature of a client's neurotic conflicts

2. Which is not an advantage of correlational methods (e.g., observation or self-report studies) over the experimental method?

a. variables may be studied that cannot ethically be systematically varied

b. the topic under study may be examined over a broad range of situations

c. third-variable explanations can be eliminated

d. more economy of time, expense, and effort

3. Freud believed that all human behavior

a. reflects a basic desire to deny instincts

b. has meaning

c. results from simple conscious motives

d. is motivated by feelings of inferiority

4. The psychoanalyst Karen Horney

a. adamantly opposed feminist intrusions into classical Freudian theory

b. challenged Freud's account of the psychological development of women

c. agreed with Freud that penis envy explains female feelings of inferiority

d. proposed a new concept that she called "womb envy"

5. A serious impediment to testing some theoretical propositions of psychoanalysis is that they

a. were originally obtained from case studies

b. reflect a particular theoretical viewpoint

c. can be stretched to fit any outcome

d. are based on questionable assumptions

6. If several psychoanalysts have the same information about a patient, there will be

a. high agreement on dream interpretation

b. little disagreement on symptom interpretation

c. better agreement if the patient is female

d. considerable differences in interpretations

7. Which statement is not true about fixation?

a. frustration may be one of the causes

b. overindulgence is a possible cause

c. some libido is fixated at each psychosexual stage

d. it cannot occur during the anal stage

8. Hoarding, possessiveness, stinginess, and miserliness are all characteristics of which type of personality?

a. anal

b. genital

c. phallic

d. oral

9. Which of the following would be an example of natural B data

a. the number of seconds a subject waits before seeking help during an experimental emergency situation

b. a subject's verbal response to the Rorschach

c. reports of the number of times a subject told a joke in a day

d. the number of times a subject interrupts others during a videotaped laboratory simulation

10. To the id of a very young infant, an actual object and the mental image of the object are

a. easily distinguished from each other

b. in competition for libido

c. irrelevant to the primary process

d. considered equivalent