ÿWPC¬  
      |7     $ËPÄè~¤OHË®X5ìU.„Ûº‘QC¦*Ù­ºÑ¢LÁ1ž#}™‘C*^‚nû#¡rrÇÞY®¶UÈ£à­×v/ WÍTçž!zÕò¦$ì]Æßcg‹”pÊeåôb½FF§dÖ|›9ûªÕ\rø†¬ñ¯úñò]%Úi'šµ4Þð¿÷øgbQþòÛaz£õH-§|â¼Áêàº»Jaíâ:Yf2Sr¨æžÐÏbŠ{OMã&æ¨é/^œ2R^jå€ph,aƒ	bÇªkäVQ’ªL¬{¡HMãèM“µšèì…uì–öá©x)Ñ=Ž±Î—¯ÒQÃun\#“£x„–CËcç%¹ìü',¥;0‡[˜Ð»ÔD:é—ñ`~Gk--ò[Zøy™w
yì	öðl¸øå¾'½.`Öœ%€Î;È¬óHpOß'ÕPƒ°Æ8ßHC0Ü§²ú‰Ž°ox&½’(®£2§Ù!ž¤5 DV—Ž¦Žnðo§9zó_Ú'‰&"Á1S‡+=¶ÏÞ-Î±Éa.æaÛ=ÜŽoÀ5¡ùïT*r%Ô=Éž4i,NÚ¿«nyé·ÙŽŸOzk¨4°               -   Ä        ñ          #   É     U   N   ß  	%      -  0   :   3  N      m  ^      o  w      {  4              “  	m      •   
   #   Ñ# €                    d  # Ñ 
      Ñ   = Ñ #| x         ˜h p   d e s k j e t   5 1 0 0   s e r i e s   ( 2 )                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  T Ž – – – – T Ž 0                                                                                                                                                                 ( ÖÃ9  	   Z  ‹6 T i m e s   N e w   R o m a n   R e g u l a r           X    (                  üœ$ ¡   ¡   Ô   USUS. ,  Ô  f©L0é          …/        ¢Ø +00             ÿU‹ÿ  ÀÀÀÝ
 ƒ  üœ! ÝÔ   USUS. ,  ÔÝ    ÝÔ_        ÔBio€Ô_        ÔNurÔ_        Ô€334€LECTURE€#1Ð   	 °      ÐÓ{  g  ÿÿ!    X °  p P
 0  h À  p È   x Ð  (# €% Ø' 0* ˆ, à. 81 3 è5 @8 ˜: ð< H?  A øC PF ¨H°   œX{ ÓÑ €      ÑÑ €      ÑI.à     àIntroductionÐ   	 œì    Ðà     àA.à    p àWhat€is€life?Ð   	 ˆØ   Ðà     àà    p à1.à0    P
 àNASA€scientists€had€to€define€life€before€sending€probes€into€space€to€find€ifÐ   	 tÄ   Ðthere€was€life€on€other€planets.€€They€concluded€that€all€living€organisms€haveÐ   	 `°   Ð4€basic€properties:Ð    L	œ P
(#P
(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àa.à0    0 àthe€ability€to€reproduce€itself€structurally€and€functionally€in€offspringÐ    8
ˆ 0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àb.à0    0 àthe€ability€to€produce€genetic€variation€in€offspringÐ    $t 0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àc.à0    0 àthe€ability€to€metabolize€-€sum€total€of€all€chemical€reactions€includingÐ   	 `   Ðtaking€precursor€chemicals€from€environment€and€converting€them€intoÐ   	 üL	   Ðthe€complex€structure€and€functional€proteins,€carbohydrates,€fats,€andÐ   	 è8	
   Ðnucleic€acids€of€animalsÐ    Ô$
 0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àd.à0    0 àthe€ability€to€adapt€and€respond€to€environmental€stimuli€(homeostasis)Ð    À 0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 à1)à0     àadaptation€-€a€òòusefulóó€response€to€environmental€change.Ð    ¬ü (#(#  Ðà     àB.à    p àHow€did€life€begin€on€Earth?Ð   	 ˜è   Ðà     àà    p à1.à    P
 àReligious€explanation€-€Creation€-€BibleÐ   	 „Ô   Ðà     àà    p à2.à    P
 àCosmology€-€life€came€here€from€outer€spaceÐ   	 pÀ   Ðà     àà    p à3.à0    P
 àSpontaneous€generation€-€life€arising€from€non-living€substancesÐ    \¬ P
(#P
(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àa.à    0 àAristotle€-€birds€from€clouds,€etc.Ð   	 H˜   Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àb.à0    0 àÔ_        ÔRediÔ_        Ô€disproved€spontaneous€generation€with€classic€experiment€inÐ   	 4„   Ð1600's.Ð     p 0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àc.à0    0 àÔ_        ÔOparinÔ_        Ô-Ô_        ÔHaldaneÔ_        Ô€theory€of€chemical€evolutionÐ    \ 0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 à1)à0     àexperiment€of€Stan€Miller€using€CHòò4óó,€NHòò4óó,€Hòò2óó0,€Hòò2óóÐ    øH (#(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 à2)à0     àbiological€evolution€-€Charles€Darwin€-€simple€to€complex€byÐ   	 ä4   Ðnatural€selectionÐ    Ð  (#(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 à3)à0     àPrimitive€earth€had€a€reducing€atmosphere€and€now€we€have€anÐ   	 ¼   Ðoxidizing€atmosphere€that€is€why€we€don't€have€any€spontaneousÐ   	 ¨ø   Ðgeneration€today.Ð    ”ä (#(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àd.à0    0 àThe€1st€organisms€were€probably€Ô_        ÔheterotrophsÔ_        Ô€because€of€abundance€ofÐ   	 €Ð   Ðfree€floating€nutrients€then€shift€to€autotrophs€as€free€nutrients€becameÐ   	 l¼   Ðscarce.Ð    X ¨ 0(#0(#  Ðà     àC.à    p àHow€do€humans€adapt€to€environment?Ð   	 D!”   Ðà     àà    p à1.à0    P
 àThe€genetic€makeup€of€a€human€determine€the€limits€of€environmentalÐ   	 0"€    Ðtolerance€for€different€parameters€such€as€[Oòò2óó],€[COòò2óó],€pH,€Ta,€[ions]€that€weÐ   	 #l!   Ðcan€survive€in.Ð    $X" P
(#P
(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àa.à0    0 àSome€internal€variables€are€very€tightly€regulated€within€narrow€rangesÐ   	 ô$D #   Ð(see€figure).Ð    à%0!$ 0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àb.à0    0 àOther€variables€conform€to€environmental€flux€again€within€certainÐ   	 Ì&"%   Ðranges.Ð    ¸'#& 0(#0(#  Ðà     àD.à0    p àWhat€are€humans€made€of?Ð    ¤(ô#' p(#p(#  Ðà     àà    p à1.à0    P
 àOld€statement€that€when€all€the€water€is€removed€we€are€worth€$.98€in€basicÐ   	 )à$(   Ðsalts,€etc.€.€.€.€with€inflation€maybe€$15.Ð    |*Ì%) P
(#P
(#  Ðà     àà    p à2.à0    P
 àHarold€Ô_        ÔMorowitzÔ_        Ô€at€Yale€estimates€that€if€all€the€important€chemicals€wereÐ   	 h+¸&*   Ðextracted€from€you€the€total€would€be€in€excess€of€7€million€dollars.€€We€are€aÐ   	 T,¤'+   Ðvery€complex€chemical€assemblage.Ð    @-(, P
(#P
(#  ÐÑ           Ñâ
       âÑ8 €   >‘      X       dì                  dÈ  8 Ñâ
      âÑ   = 
 Ñâ
       âÑ
   
 Ñà     àà    p à3.à0    P
 àThe€4€major€types€of€biological€molecules€and€their€precursorsÐ    °    P
(#P
(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àa.à0    0 àlist€of€€20€important€elements€in€human€structureÐ    œì  0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àb.à0    0 àthe€complex€Ô_        ÔbiomoleculesÔ_        Ô€include:€nucleic€acids,€carbohydrates,Ð   	 ˆØ   Ðproteins,€and€lipids€and€have€the€same€basic€functions€in€all€types€of€cellsÐ    tÄ 0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 à1)à0     àNucleic€acids€-€consist€of€phosphate,€nitrogen€base€and€sugar.€Ð   	 `°   ÐThey€universally€function€to€store€and€transmit€geneticÐ   	 L	œ   Ðinformation.Ð    8
ˆ (#(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 à2)à0     àProteins€-€consist€of€nitrogen€core€and€are€made€from€20€differentÐ   	 $t   Ðamino€acids€(see€figure)€each€of€which€contains€a€Nitrogen€group.€Ð   	 `   ÐThey€are€the€most€varied€structurally€and€functionally€of€allÐ   	 üL	   ÐÔ_        ÔbiomoleculesÔ_        Ô.Ð    è8	
 (#(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 àà     àa)à0    h àserve€as€enzymesÐ    Ô$
 h(#h(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 àà     àb)à0    h àserve€as€structural€elements€in€membranesÐ    À h(#h(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 àà     àc)à0    h àserve€as€functional€elements€(muscle€contraction)Ð    ¬ü h(#h(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 àà     àd)à0    h àserve€as€communication€link€(hormones)Ð    ˜è h(#h(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 à3)à0     àCarbohydrates€-€basic€structure€is€a€"Ô_        ÔwaterfiedÔ_        Ô"€carbon€Ô_        ÔCòòxÔ_        Ôóó(Hòò2óó0)òòxóó.€Ð   	 „Ô   ÐHas€two€major€functions:Ð    pÀ (#(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 àà     àa)à0    h àstorage€of€fuel€-€energy€rich€molecule€used€for€cellularÐ   	 \¬   Ðactivity€and€ATP€productionÐ    H˜ h(#h(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 àà     àb)à0    h àextracellular€structural€element€(cellulose)Ð    4„ h(#h(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 à4)à0     àLipids€-€fats€-€long€CHòò2óó€repeating€units.€€Always€have€carboxylÐ   	  p   Ðgroup€on€one€end€(COOH)Ð    \ (#(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 àà     àa)à0    h àfunction€as€major€structural€component€of€membraneÐ    øH h(#h(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 àà     àb)à0    h àstorage€of€energy€rich€fuelÐ    ä4 h(#h(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àà    0 àà     àc)à0    h àact€as€hormoneÐ    Ð  h(#h(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àc.à0    0 àThe€fundamental€differences€between€nucleic€acid€and€proteins€on€oneÐ   	 ¼   Ðhand€and€fats€and€carbohydrates€on€the€other€hand€is€-€nucleic€acid€andÐ   	 ¨ø   Ðproteins€are€informational€and€the€other€are€not.Ð    ”ä 0(#0(#  Ðà     àE.à0    p àHow€do€we€know€it€is€the€nucleic€acids€and€not€proteins€that€transmit€geneticÐ   	 €Ð   Ðinformation€from€generation€to€generation?€€What€evidence€is€there€to€show€thatÐ   	 l¼   Ðnucleic€acids€have€this€function?Ð    X ¨ p(#p(#  Ðà     àà    p à1.à0    P
 àDiscovery€of€cells€-€Robert€Ô_        ÔHookeÔ_        Ô€-€slices€of€cork€and€Ô_        ÔLewenhaukÔ_        Ô€microscopeÐ    D!” P
(#P
(#  Ðà     àà    p à2.à0    P
 àGermans€(Ô_        ÔSchliedenÔ_        Ô€&€Ô_        ÔSchwanÔ_        Ô)€present€idea€that€the€cell€was€universalÐ   	 0"€    Ðstructural€unit€of€all€living€things.Ð    #l! P
(#P
(#  Ðà     àà    p à3.à0    P
 àÔ_        ÔVirchowÔ_        Ô€-€presented€the€idea€that€all€living€cells€originate€from€previouslyÐ   	 $X"   Ðexisting€cells.Ð    ô$D # P
(#P
(#  Ð€à     àà    p à4.à0    P
 àÔ_        ÔWohlerÔ_        Ô€-€first€to€dispel€vital€force€idea€of€living€biochemistry€when€heÐ   	 à%0!$   Ðsynthetically€created€a€Ô_        ÔbiomoleculeÔ_        Ô€€ammonium€Ô_        ÔcyanurateÔ_        Ô€--->€urea.Ð    Ì&"% P
(#P
(#  Ðà     àà    p à5.à0    P
 àIn€1869€F.€Ô_        ÔMiescherÔ_        Ô€(Swiss€biochemist)€was€first€to€describe€acid€properties€ofÐ   	 ¸'#&   Ðchemicals€in€nucleus.Ð    ¤(ô#' P
(#P
(#  Ðà     àà    p à6.à0    P
 àIn€1914€Ô_        ÔFueleginÔ_        Ô€first€stained€DNA€so€it€was€visible€with€microscope.Ð    )à$( P
(#P
(#  Ðà     àà    p à7.à0    P
 àIt€was€shown€in€early€19th€century€that€all€cells€contain€DNA€in€nucleus.Ð    |*Ì%) P
(#P
(#  Ðà     àà    p à8.à0    P
 àThere€are€two€major€types€of€cells:Ð    h+¸&* P
(#P
(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àa.à0    0 àprokaryotic€-€have€no€nuclear€membrane,€genetic€material€usually€aÐ   	 T,¤'+   Ðsingle€piece€of€nucleic€acid€(Ô_        ÔnucleoidÔ_        Ô)€without€protein€coat€that€usuallyÐ    @-(, =d  Ðfloats€freely€in€protoplasm.€€No€membrane€bounded€organelles.€Ð    d    0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àb.à0    0 àEukaryotic€-€this€is€the€type€of€cell€we€will€deal€with€in€this€course€-Ð   	 Pì    Ðmembrane€bounded.Ð    <Ø 0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p à9.à0    P
 àWhat€properties€must€a€chemical€have€to€Ô_        ÔsuceedÔ_        Ô€or€act€as€the€genetic€transferÐ   	 (	Ä   Ðagent€of€cells?Ð    
° P
(#P
(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àa.à0    0 àIt's€chemical€structure€must€in€some€way€encode€the€information€to€beÐ   	  œ   Ðpassed€from€generation€to€generation€and€its€structure€must€be€easilyÐ   	 ìˆ   Ð"translatable"€into€functional€or€structural€molecules€of€cell.Ð    Øt 0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àb.à0    0 àThis€genetic€substance€must€be€able€to€replicate€(reproduce€itself)€its€ownÐ   	 Ä`   Ðstructure€precisely,€passing€the€information€on€unaltered€to€subsequentÐ   	 °L	   Ðdaughter€cells€at€cell€division€(mitosis).Ð    œ8	
 0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àc.à0    0 àThe€chemical€must€be€stable€(not€change€basic€structure€readily)€in€orderÐ   	 ˆ$
   Ðto€preserve€the€integrity€of€genetic€information€throughout€the€entire€lifeÐ   	 t   Ðof€the€cell.Ð    `ü 0(#0(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àd.à0    0 àBut€chemical€must€also€allow€minor€changes€to€occur€(mutation)€to€allowÐ   	 Lè   Ðfor€genetic€variation€and€adaptation.Ð    8Ô 0(#0(#  ÐÌà     à€€€10.à0    p àDNA€and€RNA€fit€the€above€mentioned€qualities€but€so€do€proteins€-€whatÐ   	 ¬   Ðexperimental€evidence€supports€DNA€vs.€proteins.Ð    ü˜ p(#p(#  Ðà     àà    p àà    P
 àa.à0    0 àL.€Ô_        ÔPaulingÔ_        Ô€-€vitamin€C€king€and€Nobel€laureate€thought€it€was€proteins.