’WPCS ģ%ŸŠHĆ-[ā-¦Åāü­Ÿėšmō8Ͷ×4v@¬“õ}ŲߍīM§}CE§*ÓńĄŌ’Vn6G/æŸrų0Ś‹'‘H9ŅŖ¦žĶ‚‰a’ މKł•Óxšß˜v(„>ѓ‡b"3Ⱦk:0ŅŁā‚tr²Oö}é¤8.‹½į*’ ^ ČɃjMŹ^ōP‰¼<{°æd“ņ†fM‡—$A8ŽiŹQW”ŖYÕŖÓ5wÅ­XčøŃėÖÄ ß2ŽŠH1¹"ÄčŠGu’!ŖĆ(Äüż“ÜYĮF*Ō\­gČU”49«[fuՕ"VųNšĮ8„±·Ś0<~Ä©īgd鮅姏ٵŲOrPSqß{zbMz¢ZŁĒm½0Ļ ;‡źås†OÖū}rõ쵃Ÿh ļ”Ä+"}©\¢gK‚- ć%”|;ŖqŌį°ĘŃ¢EEǟÉf}›8ŃćĄīx§ź’&«§6ʤåHTN÷^ńf HB¾Õ8bļmt,Ež‹r—`Ę8ߟŌĆEčG~|¹])8X©C”ć4æ[UĶ™Łö¼V·I^šÓź^"¹# ųˆ’¬&Q SäüūI†$r‘‹é%2вGh™ #ĮšUN[ %© 0XÆ^ w4+: m<˜HP LaserJet 5L PCL,,88,,0(ÖĆ9Ģ Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(0q¶$””ŌUSUS.,ŌÓ °°•¤°œXÓõ±o) 6Ŗh)¢Ų+003|x’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒq¶!ŻŌUSUS.,ŌÓ °°•¤°œXÓŻ  Żą@xx!ģąŌ€¼#K»XXŌService€of€Process€ˆŠ ° Šą@LLģąForcing€a€Defendant€into€CourtŌ€Xė«X»¼#KԈŠ Ä ŠĢTextbook€discussions€of€personal€jurisdiction€are€usually€about€potential€jurisdiction.€However,Š Ä Šbefore€a€court€can€enter€an€effective€judgment,€it€must€have€actual€jurisdiction€over€the€personŠ ° Šagainst€whom€the€judgment€is€rendered.€Residence,€presence,€and€long-€arm€statutes€make€itŠ œ ģ Špossible€for€a€court€to€obtain€actual€jurisdiction€over€individuals€and€entities.€Actual€jurisdiction€isŠ ˆ Ų Šobtained€by€"service€of€process"€on€a€person€or€entity.Š t Ä ŠĢIn€this€context€"process"€is€usually€a€Summons€and€a€copy€of€the€plaintiff's€Complaint.€MostŠ L œ  Šcourts'€rules€provide€that€delivery€of€a€Summons,€by€itself,€is€sufficient.€However,€most€courts'Š 8ˆ  Šrules€also€require€that€the€plaintiff€supply€the€defendant€with€a€copy€of€the€Complaint€within€aŠ $t  Šrelatively€short€time.€Therefore€the€common€practice€is€to€deliver€the€Summons€and€the€ComplaintŠ `  Šat€the€same€time.€A€Summons€states€that€a€lawsuit€has€been€(or€soon€will€be)€commenced€againstŠ üL  Šthe€defendant€in€a€particular€court€and€gives€the€defendant€a€limited€time€to€respond.€The€lengthŠ č8  Šof€time€allowed€varies€but€20€days€is€common€if€service€is€made€within€the€court's€geographicŠ Ō$ Šjurisdiction.Š Ą ŠĢWith€rare€exceptions,€service€of€process€can€not€be€accomplished€via€mail.€There€is€not€aŠ ˜č Šsufficient€degree€of€certainty€that€the€specific€defendant€will€actually€receive€mailed€documents.Š „Ō ŠDefendants€can€agree€to€accept€service€by€mail,€or€otherwise.€While€it€is€unusual€for€defendants€toŠ pĄ Šagree€to€accept€service,€there€is€usually€no€good€reason€why€they€should€not.€Trying€to€avoidŠ \¬ Šservice€of€process€is€ultimately€futile.€The€court€must€have€some€method€of€obtaining€actualŠ H˜ Šjurisdiction€over€recalcitrant€defendants.€If€it€did€not,€the€courts'€power€could€be€totally€abrogated.Š 4„ ŠThe€actual€service€of€process€(delivery€of€the€documents)€must€be€done€by€someone€who€is€not€aŠ  p Šparty€to€the€litigation.€Traditionally€service€has€been€made€by€the€Sheriff€or€Marshal.€Most€statesŠ  \ Šnow€allow€service€by€private€individuals€and€there€are€companies€that€make€that€a€business.€BeingŠ ųH Ša€process€server€is€not€a€particularly€safe€occupation.Š ä4 ŠĢThe€most€effective€kind€of€service€of€process€is€personal€service.€That€means€that€the€documentsŠ ¼  Šare€actually€physically€delivered€to€the€person(s)€named€as€defendants.€The€process€server€has€aŠ Ø ų Šgreat€deal€of€latitude.€It€is€okay€to€use€fraudulent€means€to€accomplish€service.€For€example,€aŠ ”!ä Šprocess€server€might€put€a€Domino's€Pizza€sign€on€his€or€her€car,€dress€up€in€the€appropriateŠ €"Š  Šuniform€and€announce€that€he€or€she€is€there€to€deliver€a€pizza.€It€is€also€not€necessary€that€theŠ l#¼! Šdefendant€physically€accept€the€documents€or€acknowledge€their€receipt€by€signing€anything.€IfŠ X$Ø" Šthe€defendant€refuses€to€open€the€door,€the€process€server€can€push€the€papers€through€the€mailŠ D%” # Šslot.€If€the€defendant€is€standing€at€the€window€looking€out,€the€process€server€can€tape€theŠ 0&€!$ Špapers€to€the€window.€The€only€requirement€is€that€the€process€server€be€able€to€honestly€say€thatŠ 'l"% Šthe€defendant€was€made€aware€that€the€papers€were€being€delivered€to€him€or€her.€PersonalŠ (X#& Šservice€can€be€accomplished€anywhere€š"š€home,€store,€work,€alongside€the€freeway,€etc.Š ō(D$' ŠĢThe€next-most-effective,€and€perhaps€the€most€frequent,€is€substitute€service.€That€requires€theŠ Ģ*&) Špapers€to€be€actually€delivered€(1)€at€the€defendant's€normal€place€of€abode,€(2)€to€someone€ofŠ ø+'* Š"suitable€age€and€discretion."€The€papers€can€be€delivered€to€anyone€at€the€house,€even€someoneŠ ¤,ō'+ Šwho€does€not€live€there.€The€recipient€need€not€be€an€adult.€The€process€server€should,€however,Š -ą(, Šonly€deliver€the€papers€to€someone€who€will€probably€pass€them€on€to€the€proper€person.€ServiceŠ ° Šwould€not€be€adequate€if€the€papers€were€given€to€a€5-year-old€child€or€the€dog.Š œģ ŠĢIf€neither€personal€nor€substitute€service€is€possible,€a€defendant€can€be€served€by€publication.Š tÄ ŠThis€usually€requires€the€court's€prior€approval,€which€will€be€given€only€if€the€plaintiff€hasŠ `° Šreasonably€tried€and€failed€to€obtain€service€or€if€it€is€obvious€that€those€efforts€will€proveŠ L œ Šfruitless.€Service€by€publication€requires€publication€of€the€summons€in€a€newspaper.€Usually€thereŠ 8 ˆ Šare€"official"€newspapers€and€one€of€them€must€be€used.€In€larger€cities,€there€are€"legal"Š $ t Šnewspapers€that€do€little€more€than€publish€lists€of€judgments,€court€filings,€deed€filings,Š  ` Šsummonses,€and€the€like.€Very€few€people€actually€read€those€newspapers.€But€the€fact€that€theŠ ü L  Šdefendant€did€not€actually€read€the€published€summons€does€not€make€any€difference.€Service€byŠ č 8  Špublication€usually€also€requires€mailing€copies,€by€certified€mail,€return€receipt,€to€the€defendant'sŠ Ō$  Šlast-known€address.Š Ą  ŠĢIf€a€defendant€does€not€respond€after€effective€service€of€process,€the€plaintiff€can€obtain€aŠ ˜č  Š"default€judgment."€If€the€defendant€later€learns€about€the€judgment,€he€or€she€can€request€that€itŠ „Ō  Šbe€set€aside.€Of€course,€the€defendant€has€to€have€a€good€reason€for€not€responding.€If€there€wasŠ pĄ Šactual€personal€service,€good€reasons€are€hard€to€find.€If€service€was€by€"substitute€service,"€theŠ \¬ Šdefendant€has€a€slightly€greater€chance€of€prevailing,€but€must€show€why€it€was€not€reasonable€toŠ H˜ Šexpect€her€or€him€to€get€the€papers.€For€example,€the€papers€were€given€to€a€hired€to€mow€theŠ 4„ Šlawn€and€the€defendant€was€out€of€town€both€at€the€time€of€service€and€the€following€two€months.Š  p ŠIf€service€was€by€publication,€the€defendant€needs€only€to€state€that€he€or€she€did€not€read€thatŠ  \ Šnewspaper€or€actually€receive€the€mailed€papers€or€know€of€the€lawsuit.€In€each€situation,Š ųH Šhowever,€the€defendant€must€also€show€that€she€or€he€has€a€defense€of€some€type€š"š€if€theŠ ä4 Šdefendant€has€no€defense,€he€is€going€to€lose€anyway,€so€why€waste€everyone's€time.€If€the€courtŠ Š  Šsets€aside€the€default,€the€case€then€proceeds€normally.Š ¼  ŠĢIf€the€defendant€is€an€entity,€such€as€a€corporation,€there€are€special€rules€concerning€service.€IfŠ ”ä Šthe€entity€has€an€in-state€office,€service€is€accomplished€by€serving€an€appropriate€employee€atŠ €Š Šthat€office.€A€secretary€or€receptionist€at€the€main€executive€offices€is€usually€adequate.€If€aŠ l¼ Šdefendant€entity€has€no€in-state€office,€service€can€usually€be€accomplished€by€delivery€to€theŠ X Ø ŠSecretary€of€State,€who€then€forwards€the€papers€to€the€defendant.€All€corporations€registered€toŠ D!” Šdo€business€in€a€state€must€identify€a€"registered€agent."€That€person€or€entity€must€be€a€residentŠ 0"€  Šof,€or€have€offices€in,€the€state.Š #l! ŠĢIf€a€defendant€(person€or€entity)€is€not€a€resident€of€the€state€in€which€the€litigation€is€filed,€serviceŠ ō$D # Šcan€be€accomplished€in€the€defendant's€home€state€through€either€personal€or€substitute€service.Š ą%0!$ Š(This€assumes€that€the€long-arm€statute€of€the€state€where€the€litigation€started€authorizes€serviceŠ Ģ&"% Šin€the€particular€case.)